Glucose alteration and insulin resistance in asymptomatic obese children and adolescents / Alteração de glicose e resistência à insulina em crianças e adolescentes obesos assintomáticos

Abstract Objective Obesity is associated with the abnormal glucose metabolism preceding type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thus, further investigation on the prediction of this lethal outcome must be sought. The objective was the profile glycemic assessment of asymptomatic obese children and adolescents from Salvador, Brazil. Method A fasting venous blood sample was obtained from 90 consecutive obese individuals aged 8-18 years, of both sexes, for laboratory determinations of glycated hemoglobin, basal insulin, and the Homeostasis Model Assessment Insulin Resistance index. The clinical evaluation included weight, height, waist circumference, assessment of pubertal development, and acanthosis nigricans research. The body mass index/age indicator was used for the severity of overweight assessment. Results Glycemic alterations were evidenced clinically and biochemically, although these individuals had no complaints or symptoms related to blood sugar levels. Quantitative and qualitative variables were respectively expressed measures of central tendency/dispersion and simple/relative frequency, using the SPSS, version 20.0. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. Conclusion Notably, this study found a high prevalence of glucose and insulin disorders in asymptomatic obese children and adolescents.

Resumo Objetivo A obesidade está associada ao metabolismo da glicose anormal que antecede o diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Assim, uma investigação adicional sobre a predição desse resultado letal deve ser antecipada. O objetivo era a avaliação do perfil glicêmico de crianças e adolescentes obesos assintomáticos de Salvador, Brasil. Método Uma amostra de sangue venoso em jejum foi obtida de 90 indivíduos obesos consecutivos entre 8-18 anos, de ambos os sexos, para determinações laboratoriais de hemoglobina glicosilada, insulina basal e Índice do Modelo de Avaliação da Homeostase de Resistência à Insulina (HOMA-IR). A avaliação clínica incluiu peso, estatura, circunferência da cintura, avaliação do desenvolvimento puberal e pesquisa sobre a acantose nigricans. Utilizamos o indicador de índice de massa corporal/idade referente à gravidade da avaliação de sobrepeso. Resultados Alterações glicêmicas foram comprovadas clínica e bioquimicamente, apesar de esses indivíduos não apresentarem queixas ou sintomas relacionados a níveis de açúcar no sangue. Variáveis quantitativas e qualitativas foram, respectivamente, medidas expressas de tendência central/dispersão e amostra/frequência relativa, com o software Pacote Estatístico para as Ciências Sociais, versão 20.0. O valor de p < 0,05 foi considerado significativo. Conclusão Observamos, contudo, alta prevalência de distúrbios de glicose e insulina em crianças e adolescentes obesos assintomáticos.

Glucose alteration and insulin resistance in asymptomatic obese children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: Obesity is associated with the abnormal glucose metabolism preceding type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thus, further investigation on the prediction of this lethal outcome must be sought. The objective was the profile glycemic assessment of asymptomatic obese children and adolescents from Salvador, Brazil. METHOD: A fasting venous blood sample was obtained from 90 consecutive obese individuals aged 8-18 years, of both sexes, for laboratory determinations of glycated hemoglobin, basal insulin, and the Homeostasis Model Assessment Insulin Resistance index. The clinical evaluation included weight, height, waist circumference, assessment of pubertal development, and acanthosis nigricans research. The body mass index/age indicator was used for the severity of overweight assessment. RESULTS: Glycemic alterations were evidenced clinically and biochemically, although these individuals had no complaints or symptoms related to blood sugar levels. Quantitative and qualitative variables were respectively expressed measures of central tendency/dispersion and simple/relative frequency, using the SPSS, version 20.0. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. CONCLUSION: Notably, this study found a high prevalence of glucose and insulin disorders in asymptomatic obese children and adolescents.

Lung function in the absence of respiratory symptoms in overweight children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To describe lung function findings in overweight children and adolescents without respiratory disease. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving male and female overweight children and adolescents in the 8-18 year age bracket, without respiratory disease. All of the participants underwent anthropometric assessment, chest X-ray, pulse oximetry, spirometry, and lung volume measurements. Individuals with respiratory disease were excluded, as were those who were smokers, those with abnormal chest X-rays, and those with an SpO2 = 92%. Waist circumference was measured in centimeters. The body mass index-for-age Z score for boys and girls was used in order to classify the individuals as overweight, obese, or severely obese. Lung function variables were expressed in percentage of the predicted value and were correlated with the anthropometric indices. RESULTS: We included 59 individuals (30 males and 29 females). The mean age was 11.7 ± 2.7 years. Lung function was normal in 21 individuals (35.6%). Of the 38 remaining individuals, 19 (32.2%), 15 (25.4%), and 4 (6.7%) presented with obstructive, restrictive, and mixed ventilatory disorder, respectively. The bronchodilator response was positive in 15 individuals (25.4%), and TLC measurements revealed that all of the individuals with reduced VC had restrictive ventilatory disorder. There were significant negative correlations between the anthropometric indices and the Tiffeneau index in the individuals with mixed ventilatory disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Lung function was abnormal in approximately 65% of the individuals evaluated here, all of whom were overweight. Obstructive ventilatory disorder and positive bronchodilator response predominated.

Lung function in the absence of respiratory symptoms in overweight children and adolescents / Função pulmonar de crianças e adolescentes sem sintomas respiratórios e com excesso de peso / Função pulmonar de crianças e adolescentes sem sintomas respiratórios e com excesso de peso

OBJECTIVE: To describe lung function findings in overweight children and adolescents without respiratory disease. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving male and female overweight children and adolescents in the 8-18 year age bracket, without respiratory disease. All of the participants underwent anthropometric assessment, chest X-ray, pulse oximetry, spirometry, and lung volume measurements. Individuals with respiratory disease were excluded, as were those who were smokers, those with abnormal chest X-rays, and those with an SpO2 = 92%. Waist circumference was measured in centimeters. The body mass index-for-age Z score for boys and girls was used in order to classify the individuals as overweight, obese, or severely obese. Lung function variables were expressed in percentage of the predicted value and were correlated with the anthropometric indices. RESULTS: We included 59 individuals (30 males and 29 females). The mean age was 11.7 ± 2.7 years. Lung function was normal in 21 individuals (35.6%). Of the 38 remaining individuals, 19 (32.2%), 15 (25.4%), and 4 (6.7%) presented with obstructive, restrictive, and mixed ventilatory disorder, respectively. The bronchodilator response was positive in 15 individuals (25.4%), and TLC measurements revealed that all of the individuals with reduced VC had restrictive ventilatory disorder. There were significant negative correlations between the anthropometric indices and the Tiffeneau index in the individuals with mixed ventilatory disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Lung function was abnormal in approximately 65% of the individuals evaluated here, all of whom were overweight. Obstructive ventilatory disorder and positive bronchodilator response predominated. .

OBJETIVO: Descrever os achados de função pulmonar em crianças e adolescentes sem doenças respiratórias e com excesso de peso. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com crianças e adolescentes de 8 a 18 anos de ambos os sexos, com excesso de peso e sem doença respiratória, submetidos à avaliação antropométrica, radiografia de tórax, oximetria de pulso, espirometria e medidas de volume pulmonar. Indivíduos com patologias respiratórias, tabagistas ativos, radiografia anormal ou SpO2 = 92% foram excluídos do estudo. A circunferência da cintura foi medida em centímetros. O escore z para índice de massa corpórea/idade e sexo foi utilizado para classificar os indivíduos como com sobrepeso, obesos e obesos graves. As variáveis dos testes de função pulmonar foram expressas em percentual do previsto e correlacionadas com os índices antropométricos. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 59 indivíduos (30 meninos e 29 meninas). A média de idade foi de 11,7 ± 2,7 anos. Os resultados dos testes de função pulmonar foram normais em 21 indivíduos (35,6%). Dos 38 indivíduos restantes, 19 (32,2%), 15 (25,4%) e 4 (6,7%) apresentaram, respectivamente, distúrbio ventilatório obstrutivo, restritivo e misto. A resposta ao broncodilatador foi positiva em 15 indivíduos (25,4%), e a medida da CPT revelou que todos os indivíduos com CV reduzida apresentavam distúrbio ventilatório restritivo. Houve correlações negativas significantes entre os índices antropométricos e índice de Tiffeneau nos indivíduos com distúrbio ventilatório misto. CONCLUSÕES: A função pulmonar apresentou-se alterada em aproximadamente 65% dos indivíduos com sobrepeso aqui avaliados, predominando distúrbio ventilatório obstrutivo ...